diff --git a/src/agent/llm.py b/src/agent/llm.py
index ec9f918..10d6ff1 100644
--- a/src/agent/llm.py
+++ b/src/agent/llm.py
@@ -27,6 +27,16 @@ class LLMAPIError(LLMError):
     """provider 返回错误或无效响应。"""
 
 
+class LLMAuthError(LLMAPIError):
+    """provider 拒绝凭证（401）。不可重试，需区分上报（对照
+    FastGPT 后端的 ChatBackendAuthenticationError 语义）。"""
+
+
+class LLMRateLimitError(LLMAPIError):
+    """provider 限流（429）。重试耗尽后抛出，需区分上报（对照
+    FastGPT 后端的 ChatBackendRateLimitError 语义）。"""
+
+
 class LLMService(Protocol):
     """节点依赖的最小 LLM 接口。"""
 
@@ -128,7 +138,12 @@ class OpenAILLMService:
     ) -> str:
         import asyncio
 
-        from openai import APIConnectionError, APITimeoutError, RateLimitError
+        from openai import (
+            APIConnectionError,
+            APITimeoutError,
+            AuthenticationError,
+            RateLimitError,
+        )
 
         client = self._get_client()
         messages = [
@@ -163,7 +178,15 @@ class OpenAILLMService:
                     retries += 1
                     await asyncio.sleep(min(2 ** retries, 10))
                     continue
+                if isinstance(exc, RateLimitError):
+                    # 限流耗尽：区分上报，API 层映射为 429（两后端错误码等价）
+                    raise LLMRateLimitError(
+                        f"LLM provider 限流（重试 {self._max_retries} 次后仍失败）"
+                    ) from exc
                 raise LLMAPIError(f"LLM provider 不可用：{type(exc).__name__}") from exc
+            except AuthenticationError as exc:
+                # 401 鉴权失败：不可重试，区分上报，API 层映射为 401
+                raise LLMAuthError("LLM provider 认证失败") from exc
             except Exception as exc:
                 # 其他错误（如 4xx 参数错）不可重试
                 raise LLMAPIError(f"LLM 调用失败：{type(exc).__name__}") from exc
diff --git a/src/backends/langgraph.py b/src/backends/langgraph.py
index c9ae6a0..d8b9fd2 100644
--- a/src/backends/langgraph.py
+++ b/src/backends/langgraph.py
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
 
 from ..agent.graph import GraphDeps, build_graph, workflow_fake_llm
+from ..agent.llm import LLMAuthError, LLMRateLimitError
 from .chat import (
     ChatBackend,
+    ChatBackendAuthenticationError,
+    ChatBackendRateLimitError,
     ChatInput,
     ChatResult,
     ChatStreamEvent,
@@ -49,6 +52,20 @@ class LangGraphBackend(ChatBackend):
         - 本阶段不处理 ``need_form_update`` 的真实表单差量
           （作业 6 起实现）。
         """
+        result = await self._complete_turn(chat_input)
+        return ChatResult(
+          content = result["response_text"],
+          status_code = None,
+          form_update = result.get("turn_patch") or {}
+        )
+
+    async def _complete_turn(self, chat_input: ChatInput) -> dict:
+        """执行一轮图，把 LLM 层错误翻译为后端中立错误。
+
+        错误码等价（对照 FastGPT 后端）：
+        LLMAuthError -> ChatBackendAuthenticationError（API 层 401）；
+        LLMRateLimitError -> ChatBackendRateLimitError（API 层 429）。
+        """
         graph_input: dict = {
             "session_id": chat_input.session_id,
             "input_text": chat_input.text,
@@ -58,16 +75,16 @@ class LangGraphBackend(ChatBackend):
         # 使 set_info 写入后本轮 chat 立即可见（输入覆盖 checkpoint 同键）。
         if chat_input.injected_fields:
             graph_input.update(chat_input.injected_fields)
-        result = await self._graph.ainvoke(
-            graph_input,
-            config={"configurable": {"thread_id": chat_input.session_id}},
-            context=GraphDeps(llm=self._llm),
-        )
-        return ChatResult(
-          content = result["response_text"],
-          status_code = None,
-          form_update = result.get("turn_patch") or {}
-        )
+        try:
+            return await self._graph.ainvoke(
+                graph_input,
+                config={"configurable": {"thread_id": chat_input.session_id}},
+                context=GraphDeps(llm=self._llm),
+            )
+        except LLMAuthError as exc:
+            raise ChatBackendAuthenticationError(str(exc)) from exc
+        except LLMRateLimitError as exc:
+            raise ChatBackendRateLimitError(str(exc)) from exc
 
     async def stream(self, chat_input: ChatInput) -> AsyncIterator[ChatStreamEvent]:
         """流式：产生中立流事件。
diff --git a/test/agent/test_llm_error_mapping.py b/test/agent/test_llm_error_mapping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b820c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/agent/test_llm_error_mapping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""LLM 错误分类测试：鉴权/限流可区分上报（两后端错误码等价的关键）。
+
+对照 FastGPT 后端：401 -> ChatBackendAuthenticationError、
+429 -> ChatBackendRateLimitError（endpoint 已有对应响应分支）。
+LangGraph 链路由 OpenAILLMService 抛出可区分子类、
+LangGraphBackend 翻译为 ChatBackend* 错误。
+"""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+from openai import AuthenticationError, RateLimitError
+
+from src.agent.llm import (
+    LLMAPIError,
+    LLMAuthError,
+    LLMRateLimitError,
+    OpenAILLMService,
+)
+from src.backends.chat import (
+    ChatBackendAuthenticationError,
+    ChatBackendRateLimitError,
+    ChatInput,
+)
+from src.backends.langgraph import LangGraphBackend
+
+
+def _status_error(cls, status: int) -> Exception:
+    request = httpx.Request("POST", "http://llm.local/v1/chat/completions")
+    response = httpx.Response(status, request=request)
+    return cls("error", response=response, body=None)
+
+
+def _service_with_failing_llm(exc: Exception, max_retries: int = 0):
+    """complete 固定抛 exc 的 OpenAILLMService（client 打桩）。"""
+    llm = OpenAILLMService(model="test", api_key="test", max_retries=max_retries)
+    create = AsyncMock(side_effect=exc)
+    llm._client = SimpleNamespace(
+        chat=SimpleNamespace(completions=SimpleNamespace(create=create))
+    )
+    return llm, create
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_authentication_error_raises_llm_auth_error_without_retry():
+    llm, create = _service_with_failing_llm(
+        _status_error(AuthenticationError, 401), max_retries=2
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(LLMAuthError):
+        await llm.complete("系统", "输入")
+    # 401 不可重试：只调用一次
+    assert create.call_count == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_rate_limit_error_retries_then_raises_llm_rate_limit_error():
+    llm, create = _service_with_failing_llm(
+        _status_error(RateLimitError, 429), max_retries=2
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(LLMRateLimitError):
+        await llm.complete("系统", "输入")
+    assert create.call_count == 3   # 首次 + 2 次重试
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_llm_error_subclasses_are_api_errors():
+    """子类兼容既有 LLMAPIError 捕获（不破坏现有 except 顺序）。"""
+    assert issubclass(LLMAuthError, LLMAPIError)
+    assert issubclass(LLMRateLimitError, LLMAPIError)
+
+
+class _GraphRaising:
+    """ainvoke 固定抛指定异常的图替身。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, exc: Exception):
+        self._exc = exc
+
+    async def ainvoke(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise self._exc
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_langgraph_backend_maps_auth_error_to_backend_error():
+    backend = LangGraphBackend(
+        graph=_GraphRaising(LLMAuthError("bad key")),
+        llm=SimpleNamespace(),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ChatBackendAuthenticationError):
+        await backend.complete(
+            ChatInput(session_id="s1", text="你好", client_mode="direct")
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_langgraph_backend_maps_rate_limit_to_backend_error():
+    backend = LangGraphBackend(
+        graph=_GraphRaising(LLMRateLimitError("限流")),
+        llm=SimpleNamespace(),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ChatBackendRateLimitError):
+        await backend.complete(
+            ChatInput(session_id="s1", text="你好", client_mode="direct")
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_langgraph_backend_stream_propagates_mapped_errors():
+    """stream 经由 complete 实现，映射自动生效。"""
+    backend = LangGraphBackend(
+        graph=_GraphRaising(LLMAuthError("bad key")),
+        llm=SimpleNamespace(),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ChatBackendAuthenticationError):
+        async for _ in backend.stream(
+            ChatInput(session_id="s1", text="你好", client_mode="direct")
+        ):
+            pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_langgraph_backend_other_llm_errors_still_raise_api_error():
+    """其余 LLM 错误保持原样上抛（endpoint 落 500 通用分支）。"""
+    from src.agent.llm import LLMAPIError, LLMTimeoutError
+
+    backend = LangGraphBackend(
+        graph=_GraphRaising(LLMTimeoutError("超时")),
+        llm=SimpleNamespace(),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(LLMTimeoutError):
+        await backend.complete(
+            ChatInput(session_id="s1", text="你好", client_mode="direct")
+        )